/. 


y  PRINCETON,  N.J.  6f 


Presented   by'Tro-^.lB 7^ . \Af^r--^\ (S'\ C^  , TD 

BX  9175  .J46^1907 
Jennison,  Joseph  F. 
The  superintendency  in  the 
early  Scotch  church 


THE  SUPERINTENDENCY 


IN  THE 


EARLY  SCOTCH   CHURCH 


REV.  JOS.  F.   JENNISON 


Thomas  &  Evans  Printing  Co, 
Baltimore,  1907. 


THE 
SUPERINTENDENCY 

IN  THE 

EARLY  SCOTCH  CHURCH 


All  forms  of  human  organization  tend  in  time  to  be- 
come developed.  As  new  circumstances  arise,  as  popula- 
tion grows  denser,  and  the  relationship  of  society  become 
more  involved,  the  modes  adapted  to  an  earlier 
period  become  inadequate.  In  the  State,  and  in  the 
Church,  methods  insensibly  conform  themselves  to  a  new 
order  of  things;  machinery  is  modified,  and  new  and 
more  complicated  instrumentalities  for  the  work  are 
secured. 


In  all  such  cases  the  tendency  is  to  develop  along  old 
lines.  Systems  of  polity  grow  in  the  direction  of  their 
leading  characteristics — according  to  the  great  principles 
which  they  embody :  in  the  state  as  monarchial  or  repub- 
lican, in  the  church  as  Independent,  Prelatical  or  Presby- 
terian. Where  changes  are  made  not  in  harmony  with 
the  fundamental  principle  of  any  system  these  modifica- 
tions are  soon  sloughed  off  and  discarded,  but  where 
they  are  in  accordance  with  this  they  become  enduring. 


In  our  own  Church,  to  meet  the  vast  changes  in  new 
and  old  localities,  the  modes  of  working  have  been  almost 


transformed.  Incorporated  Boards  have  grown  up,  and 
the  tendency  is  to  increase  them.  Permanent  commit- 
tees have  been  appointed,  commissions  for  special  objects 
have  been  authorized,  and  they  seem  to  be  growing  in 
number  and  scope.  Woman's  work  has  been  initiated 
and  developed,  and  in  manifold  ways  our  system  has 
adapted  itself  to  the  needs  of  the  present  age. 

Still,  however,  all  thoughtful  Presbyterians  are  grow- 
ingly  conscious  that  some  important  wants  are  not  yet 
supplied. 

With  individual  pastors  taxed  to  the  utmost,  what 
means  shall  we  employ  to  reach  the  outlying  masses,  who, 
as  shown  by  reliable  statistics,  are  steadily  drifting  away 
from  the  Church?  How  shall  we  provide  oversight,  or 
even  occasional  ministrations,  for  sparse  populations  and 
hopeful  fields?  So,  too,  for  the  wise  counsel  and  guid- 
ance for  churches  in  trouble?  For  the  transference  of 
pastors,  where  the  best  good  of  all  might  be  most 
profitably  consulted  by  changes  amicably  arranged?  To 
avoid  the  ills  of  j^rolonged  vacancies,  and  the  crying  evil 
of  hungry  candidature  for  every  desirable  position,  as 
the  Elders  of  our  churches  could  testify? 

For  all  these,  and  other  needs,  many  of  our  wisest  and 
best  men  have  openly  confessed  that  our  methods  are 
inadequate,  and  that  great  waste  and  loss  result. 


Since,  then,  any  modification  of  the  polity  or  methods 
of  our  beloved  Church  must  be  in  accord  with  its  own 


fundamental  conceptions,  and  along  its  own  chosen  Hnes, 
where  can  we  turn  with  more  hopefulness  than  to  the 
history  of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  at  one  remove  the 
''mother  of  us  all,"  and  from  her  experience  gather  sug- 
gestions which  may  help  us  to  solve  some  of  those  im- 
portant and  pressing  problems  that  meet  us  in  our  work. 


It  may  be  suggestive  to  revive  the  too-often  forgotten 
records  of  the  past,  and  to  recall  the  experiment  of  the 
Superintendency  made  in  the  early  years  of  that  Church 
by  the  advice  of  John  Knox  himself,  to  meet  some  of 
these  very  needs  to  which  allusion  has  been  made. 


\Mien  the  kingdom  of  Scotland  emerged  from  Roman- 
ism, about  the  middle  of  the  Sixteenth  century,  under 
the  lead  of  the  reformed  clergy,  and  with  the  cooperation 
of  a  nobility  most  of  whom  were  impelled  by  the  fear 
of  God,  a  peculiar  condition  of  things  existed.  Fully 
one-third  of  the  landed  estate  of  the  realm  had  come  into 
the  hands  of  the  Papal  hierarchy,  and  this  having  been 
confiscated,  now  one-third  of  it  was  set  apart  for  the 
maintenance  of  religion. 

Great  spiritual  ignorance  and  superstition  prevailed, 
and  there  were  but  very  few  of  the  old  clergy  qualified 
and  disposed  to  carry  on  the  work  of  reformation. 
Providentially,  John  Knox  was  raised  up  for  the  emer- 
gency. After  considerable  experience  in  the  work  in 
Scotland  as  a  reformed  Romanist,  and  in  England  and 


Geneva  as  a  clergyman,  he  returned  to  his  own  country 
in  1559,  and  had  become  the  pastor  of  St.  Giles  in  Edin- 
borough. 

At  the  desire  of  some  of  the  leading  spirits,  he  and 
his  associates  hastily  drew  up  a  code  of  doctrine  and  dis- 
cipline. This  was  adopted  by  the  Scotch  Parliament  in 
August,  1560,  and  is  now  known  as  "the  First  Book  of 
Discipline." 

In  accordance  with  its  provisions,  the  first  General  As- 
sembly of  the  Church  of  Scotland  met  at  Edinboro'  in 
December,  1560.  The  whole  number  of  its  members, 
including  ministers,  representatives  of  the  universities 
and  Elders,  was  about  40 — and  of  these  only  12  were 
efficient  ministers. 

Under  the  guidance  of  Knox  its  first  work  was  a 
careful  survey  of  the  spiritual  destitution  of  the  realm, 
and  an  earnest  effort  to  supply  the  need.  Here  the  great 
Scotch  Reformer's  chosen  plan,  as  outlined  in  the  First 
Book  of  Discipline,  was  heartily  accepted  and  put  into 
operation.  The  kingdom  was  divided  into  ten  districts, 
and  to  each  a  Superintendent  was  appointed,  though  for 
various  reasons,  especially  the  lack  of  suitable  men  and 
of  any  adequate  support,  there  were  never  over  five  in 
actual  service. 

Of  the  12  ministers  in  the  first  Assembly,  seven  were 
appointed  to  churches  in  Edinboro',  Glasgow,  St.  An- 
drews and  the  larger  towns,  and  five  were  assigned  as 
Superintendents. 


For  the  exigencies  of  the  present  these  latter  were 
taken  as  found,  but  for  the  future  the  greatest  care 
should  be  exercised.  Each  must  have  previously  served 
a  two-years  pastorate,  and  then  full  opportunity  afforded 
for  any  personal  objections  as  to  character  or  ability. 


Of  the  duties  of  Superintendent,  preaching  was  the 
most  important,  and  this  not  less  than  three  times  each 
week,  and  usually  in  destitute  places.  They  should  travel 
through  their  entire  bounds,  remaining  in  any  one  place 
only  long  enough  to  organize  and  establish  a  church.  As 
occasion  required,  Superintendents  should  convene  Pres- 
byteries and  preside  over  them. 

A  little  later  it  was  enacted  that  General  Assemblies 
should  be  made  up  of  those  holding  certain  defined  po- 
sitions, and  such  ministers  as  the  Superintendents  should 
choose  in  their  Diocesan  Synods,  and  bring  with  them, 
"being  men  of  knowledge,  and  able  to  reason  and  judge 
of  the  matters  that  should  happen  to  be  proponed." 

And  so,  too,  that  nothing  should  be  moved  in  the  As- 
sembly that  Superintendents  might  and  ought  to  deter- 
mine in  their  Synods,  they  were  also  to  plant  churches 
wherever  practicable,  supply  them  with  pastors,  and  cer- 
tainly with  Exhorters  and  Bible  Readers. 

All  these  they  should  carefully  examine  as  to  life  and 
ability,  and,  aided  by  the  ministers  of  their  districts, 
induct  pastors  into  office. 

So,  too,  they  should  watch  over  the  doctrine,  diligence 


8 


and  behavior  of  their  clergy,  assistants  and  school- 
teachers, and  give  especial  attention  to  the  instruction 
of  the  youth.  This  was  peculiarly  needful,  as  the  old 
faith  had  left  the  people  in  so  deplorable  a  condition. 
Morals  were  at  a  low  ebb,  ignorance  generally  prevailed, 
and  many  ill-qualified  priests  were  seeking  a  livelihood 
in  the  new  church — and  somewhat  later  we  read  in 
Knox's  "Book  of  the  Universal  Church :" 

"Ain  Minister  or  Reader  that  taps  aill,  bier  or  wyne, 
and  keeps  an  open  tavern,  should  be  exhortit  by  the 
Commissioners  to  keep  decorum" — (1576). 

On  reasonable  grounds  Superintendents  could  suspend, 
depose  or  excommunicate  any :  the  sentence  to  hold  good 
till  the  next  meeting  of  the  Assembly. 

They  might  also  transfer  pastors  from  one  church  to 
another,  and  with  the  cooperation  of  the  Synod  assign 
their  stipends :  directing  the  Assembly's  Collectors  to  dis- 
tribute the  thirds  of  benefices  among  them. 

Superintendents  should  also  seek  to  compose  any 
church  difficulties  within  their  bounds,  and  their  advice 
must  be  received  and  respected.  All  their  official  acts 
were  reported  to  the  next  General  Assembly,  and  when 
approved  were  valid  and  final. 

Superintendents  were  subject  to  the  same  discipline  as 
other  ministers,  and  their  office  was  held  during  the  good 
pleasure  of  the  Assembly. 

For  their  support  a  regular  allowance  in  kind  was  ap- 
pointed; so  much  meal,  beer,  provender,  etc.,   together 


with  600  marks*  in  money:  the  whole  affording  a  very 
respectable  living  for  that  period,  being  fully  equal  to 
that  of  the  judges  of  the  Court  of  Sessions  of  the  time. 
(Cf.  Knox,  Hist.  Reform.,  489.) 


This  scheme  of  a  Superintendency  was  probably  sug- 
gested by  Knox's  experience  in  England,  and  until  his 
death,  in  1572,  he  gave  it  his  fullest  support. 


From  1560,  then,  to  1580  this  method  of  administra- 
tion was  the  law  of  the  Church.  The  Superintendents 
were  able  and  effective,  and  were  held  in  very  high 
regard. 

They  often  represented  the  Church  in  its  dealings  with 
the  Queen  or  Regent,  and  documents  are  still  upon  record 
showing  the  honorable  position  they  held  in  this  respect.f 

Perhaps  the  most  earnest  and  the  ablest  among  the 
first  appointees  was  Superintendent  John  Spottiswoode. 
The  others  were  John  Willock,  of  Glasgow;  John  Ers- 
kine,  of  Angus;  John  Wynram,  of  Fife,  and  John  Cars- 
well,  of  Argyle.$ 


On  account  of  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  and  support- 


♦The  Scotch  Mark  is  estimated  at  ISVad.  English,  an  J  000 
marks  would  amount  to  about  $162.00. 

As  money  of  that  period  possessed  nearly  five  times  its 
present  purchasing  power,  this  would  equal  something  over 
$800.00. 

tCf.  Spottiswoode — 197. 

tCf.  Book  of  the  Universal  Kirk,  1.13 — See  the  Forms  used 
by  Knox  in  inducting  these  Superintendents — Book  of  Forms. 


10 


ing  such  permanent  officers,  we  find  the  Assembly  re- 
peatedly appointing  ministers  to  act  as  temporary  Su- 
perintendents, or  Commissioners,  as  in  the  cases  of  Hay, 
Lindsay,  Row,  etc. 

These  were  invested  with  all  the  powers  of  that  office, 
and  frequently  their  time  of  service  was  extended  from 
year  to  year.f 

Aided  by  the  wise  and  energetic  ministration  of  sucii 
men  the  Church  greatly  prospered,  so  that  the  original 
12  ministers  of  1560  had  by  1567  increased  to  252,  while 
there  were  also  at  work  some  467  Bible  Readers,  and  154 
Exhorters,  many  of  whom  were  in  training  for  the  fuller 
duties  of  the  ministry. 


Several  causes,  however,  were  combining  to  bring  this 
system  of  Superintendency  to  an  end: 

1st — The  great  increase  of  ministers  and  Churches 
rendered  it  less  needful,  as  the  ordinary  agencies  would 
now  suffice;  2nd — as  the  court  favorites  came  more  and 
more  to  covet  the  Church's  thirds  of  confiscated  reve- 
nues, and  were  even  setting  up  Tulckan  Bishops  of  their 
own,  to  draw  from  this  source,  there  was  very  great  dif- 
ficulty in  obtaining  any  adequate  amount  from  this,  the 
sole  support  of  the  Superintendents. 

Much  friction  consequently  ensued.  Not  wishing  to 
be  involved  in  any  mercenary  contention,  these  servants 
of  the  Church  were  often  but  poorly  provided  for,  and 


tCf.  Calderwood — Notes  12 — Minutes  of  Assembly  1571. 


II 


in  1 57 1  many  of  them  served  "upon  their  own  charges." 
As  Mr.  WilHam  Row,  son  of  Superintendent  Row, 
tells  us,  these  officers  of  the  Assembly  "did  with  much 
difficulty  embrace  the  office,  and  much  urging  quhairin 
wes  to  be  scene  nothing  but  ouos,  not  hoiios,  povertie 
and  pains — no  preferment  and  riches,  and  therefore  qhen 
they  were  required  to  lay  that  employment  aside,  they 
quote  it  gladly  and  cheerfully."* 


The  most  effective  cause  of  the  disuse  of  this  system 
arose,  however,  within  the  Scotch  Church  itself.  Here 
some  contended  that  it  was  a  wide  departure  from  the 
Geneva  Model ;  that  it  was  not  in  full  accord  with  the 
genius  of  Presbyterianism ;  and  especially  that  some  were 
ready  to  employ  it  for  the  re-establishment  of  Prelacy. 


There  were,  indeed,  some  resemblances  to  Prelacy  in 
this  system.  The  name  Superintendent  was  only  another 
form  of  Bishop,  or  Overseer.  Already  before  this  time 
the  title  Bishop  had  become  largely  disused  in  England 
during  the  reign  of  Edward  VI,  and  that  of  Superin- 
tendent employed.  Hence  it  was  that  Knox,  from  his 
residence  there,  naturally  adopted  this  term.f 


Then,  too,  at  that  time  Superintendents  were  both  in 


♦William  Row — "Addition  to  Mr.  John  Row's  History." 
tCf.  McCrie— "Life  of  Knox,"  2.387. 


12 

ecclesiastical  and  civil  documents  usually  co-ordinated 
with  Bishops. f 

Their  districts,  like  those  of  the  Bishops,  were  called 
Dioceses. 

So,  too,  they  were  invested  with  ecclesiastical  author- 
ity for  transferring  the  ministry  to  fields  within  their 
bounds,  administering  discipline,  and  to  some  extent 
fixing  church  penalties. 


Hence,  many  Episcopalian  writers  have  regarded  these 
Superintendents  as  real  or  quasi  Bishops,  and  have  ad- 
duced this  experience  of  the  Scotch  Church  as  an  admis- 
sion of  the  necessity  of  such  an  office  and  a  tribute  to 
its  value. 

Thus  Robertson  says  that  "Knox  did  not  deem  it  ex- 
pedient to  depart  altogether  from  the  old  form."  Rus- 
sell, the  biographer  of  Spottswoode,  affirms  that  "the  Re- 
formers introduced  a  species  of  Episcopacy,  under  the 
name  of  Superintendency." 

Even  the  Presbyterian  Campbell,  in  a  lecture  on  Mel- 
ville, declares  that  "the  Church  of  Scotland  had  been 
launched,  with  Knox's  approval,  on  a  modified  Episco- 
pacy." 


There  was,  however,  a  real  and  a  very  marked  dififer- 
ence  between  the  conception  of  a  Bishop  and  that  of  a 
Superintendent. 


tCf.  Acts  of  Assembly,  August  7,  1574. 


13 

The  latter  was  regarded  as  of  the  same  order  of  the 
ministry  with  his  brethren,  and  was  subject  to  the  same 
discipline.  He  was  elected  to  the  Superintendency,  but 
he  was  not  ordained  to  it,  while  the  Bishop  was  held  to 
be  of  a  different  and  higher  order. 

The  Superintendent  was  appointed  to  act  during  the 
pleasure  of  the  Assembly,  v/hile  the  Bishop  held  office 
for  life. 

The  first  and  most  important  duty  of  the  Superin- 
tendent was  to  preach,  while  this  was  but  a  secondary 
matter  with  the  Bishop. 

The  official  acts  of  the  former  were  always  to  be  re- 
ported to  the  Scotch  Assembly,  and  only  when  approved 
did  they  become  valid,  while  those  of  the  Bishop  were 
final. 

Some  of  the  best  writers  of  Scotch  history  have  con- 
sequently held  that  these  two  offices  were  essentially  dif- 
ferent, and  that  the  restrictions  under  which  the  Super- 
intendents were  laid  were  totally  incompatible  with  the 
position  and  authority  of  the  Episcopate.* 

The  growing  sentiment  of  the  Scotch  Assembly,  how- 
ever, was  steadily  coming  to  regard  the  Superintendency 
as  out  of  accord  with  Calvin's  view  of  Presbytery,  and 
as  an  entering  wedge  for  the  possible  re-introduction  of 
Papacy. 

At  the  same  time,  also,  the  natural  jealousy  of  com- 


*Cf.  Dr.  Cook— "History  of  the  Reformation"— p.  388. 


14 

mitting  large  authority  to  any  one  man  had  very  con- 
siderable weight. 

In  1574  Andrew  Melville  came  over  from  Geneva,  and 
having  accepted  the  Principalship  of  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity, he  thereby  became  a  member  of  the  General  As- 
sembly. From  the  very  first  he  totally  disapproved  of  the 
Superintendency,  and  especially  because  he  thought  that 
powerful  court  influences  were  at  work,  seeking  an  ex- 
cuse and  a  means  of  establishing  Episcopacy,  as  more  sub- 
servient to  royal  purposes. 

In  1575  John  Drury,  a  friend  of  Melville,  protested  in 
the  Assembly  against  the  lawfulness  of  such  an  office,  and 
procured  a  resolution  affirming  the  parity  of  the  entire 
ministry. 

In  1578  the  Second  Book  of  Discipline,  largely  inspired 
by  Melville,  and  totally  abrogating  this  whole  system  of 
Superintendents,  was  adopted  by  the  Assembly,  and  then 
being  finally  ratified  by  the  Scottish  Parliament,  it  be- 
came the  law  of  the  Church  in  1580. 


Thus  after  an  experiment  of  20  years  Knox's  Super- 
intendency was  abolished,  and  Melville's  agency  in  this 
work  is  commemorated  in  the  descriptive  term  applied 
to  him  by  his  ministerial  brethren,  as  ''Episcopomastix," 
the  bruiser  or  destroyer  of  Bishops. 

It  must  be  clearly  evident  that  this  effort  of  the  early 
Scotch  Church  to  meet  the  exigencies  of  its  condition, 
by  the  agency  we  have  been  considering,  was  made  under 


15 


great  disadvantages.  With  but  few  available  ministers 
at  first;  with  a  precarious  and  insufficient  support,  and 
continually  hampered  and  thwarted  by  adverse  royal  in- 
fluence, there  was  no  fair  field  for  effort. 


Could  this  experiment  have  been  tried  under  more 
favorable  auspices ;  had  better  provision  been  made  for 
pecuniary  support,  and  had  the  powers  of  Superintend- 
ents been  limited  in  accordance  with  stricter  conceptions 
of  Presbyterian  polity,  it  is  possible  that  the  Superintend- 
ency  might  have  become  a  permanent  institution,  and  that 
thro'  the  Church  of  Ireland,  our  more  immediate  ancestor, 
we  might  have  inherited  a  mode  of  working  which  would 
have  secured  vastly  greater  practical  efficiency  to  our  own 
Church,  in  conserving  its  interests  and  in  extending  the 
Kingdom  of  Christ. 

This  general  system  was  afterwards  earnestly  advo- 
cated by  Archbishop  Usher,  who  hoped  that  the  English 
Parliament  of  1640  would  adopt  it  as  a  solution  of  im- 
pending troubles. 

This  modified  Episcopacy  was  warmly  approved  by  a 
number  of  prominent  divines  in  the  Westminster  Assem- 
bly, among  whom  were  Twisse,  Gataker*,  Palmer  and 
Temple,  and  when,  at  the  coming  of  Charles  II,  in  1660, 
an  effort  was  made  to  settle  the  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  the 

♦Cf.    Schaff— Herzog.    Eucyc,    Article    "Westminster    As- 
sembly." 


i6 


kingdom,  Richard  Baxter,  and  other  kindred  spirits,  gave 
this  plan  their  full  sanction. 

On  the  Continent  it  was  practically  endorsed  by  the 
employment  of  Superintendents  in  Lutheran  Prussia. 


Our  own  Church  also  approaches  this  method  by  the 
employment  of  Synodical  Superintendents  of  missionary 
work,  especially  in  the  newer  West,  where  considerable 
latitude  of  power  and  discretion  is  often  given  to  these 
useful  officers  of  the  Church. 


It  is  the  strong  convction,  then,  of  some,  that  a  system 
similar  to  the  Scotch  Superintendency,  in  which  the  office 
was  guarded  from  any  resemblance  to  Prelacy,  and 
strictly  conformed  to  Presbyterian  conceptions,  and  es- 
pecially defined  as  a  Commission  for  the  wise  and  re- 
sponsible doing  of  certain  needful  things ;  it  is  the  full 
conviction  of  some  that  by  the  revival  of  this  office  we 
might  find  a  solution  of  some  of  the  problems  that  con- 
front us,  and  of  a  condition  that  weakens  us. 

If  in  each  Synod  a  man  could  be  chosen,  universally 
respected  and  trusted,  whose  judgment  was  ripened  by 
experience,  and  whose  impartiality  was  recognized  by  all 
— if  such  a  man,  of  genial  manner  and  earnest,  Christ'an 
life,  were  invested  with  this  office  for  a  term  of  years,  to 
be  the  counsellor  of  churches  and  ministers;  to  be  the 
repository  of  all  information  in  this  respect,  and  empow- 
ered to  locate  unemployed  men  in  vacant  churches  for  a 


brief,  definite  time,  his  action  being  subject  to  the  ap- 
proval of  the  Presbytery  within  whose  bounds  it  oc- 
curred; and  if  also  the  Superintendents  of  the  Synods 
were  in  correspondence,  as  occasion  required,  or  posslhlv 
could  they  meet  annually  for  conference,  and  make  sug- 
gestions to  the  General  Assembly,  then  an  efficient  system 
might  be  inaugurated,  which  would  be  a  very  great  ad- 
vance over  the  vague  and  merely  advisory  methods  thus 
far  employed. 


This  subject  of  the  Superintendency  was  brought  to 
the  consideration  of  the  Synod  of  Virginia  of  the  South- 
ern Presbyterian  Church  in  1866,  at  a  time  when  such 
an  agency  was  greatly  needed,  but  it  was  not  adopted. 

It  is  not  strange  that  Knox's  system  unmodified  should 
be  distasteful  to  strict  Presbyterians,  but  the  plan  here 
suggested,  giving  no  independent  ecclesiastical  power  to 
the  Superintendent,  and  being  based  upon  the  concep- 
tion of  a  Commission,  is  not  open  to  any  such  objections. 


The  power  thus  entrusted  would  not  only  be  limited, 
but  revocable  at  any  time,  responsibility  located,  and 
many  excellent  and  most  desirable  results  might  be  se- 
cured, a  great  waste  of  ability  prevented,  relief  brought 
to  many  a  worthy  minister  of  Christ,  and  large  benefits 
assured  to  the  Church  and  the  community. 

FINIS. 


A  BRIEF  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Acts  of  the  Scotch  Parliament. 


Ed.  Jno.  Skene. 


WoEKS  OF  John  Knox — 

History  of  the  Reformation  in  Scotland. 
The  First  Book  of  Discipline,  15G1. 
The  Book  of  Forms. 
The  Book  of  Common  Order. 

Ed.  D.  Laing. 

Knox,   John— Book  of  the  Universal  Kirk  of   Scotland,  15G0- 
1618.      (Maitland  Club),  Glasgow,  1671. 

Stewaed,  Walter  of  Pardovan — Collections,  &c.,  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland,  1709. 

Spottiswoode,  Jno. — History  of  the  Scottish  Church  and  State. 
1655. 

Calderwood,  D. — History  of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  1575-1651. 
Edinb.,  1842-9. 

Row,  W. — History  of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland,  1558-1637. 

Peteekin,  Alex.— Introduction  to  the  Records  of  the  Kirk  of 
Scotland— Edinb.  1838. 

Dunlop,  Jno. — Collections  of  Scotch  Confessions— Edinb.  1819. 

Kirton,  Jas.— Secret  and  True  History  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land—From Restoration  to  1678.     Edinb.,  1817. 

McCeie,  Thomas — Sketches. 

Life  of  John  Knox. 

Life  of   Andrew  Melville. 

Campbell,    C— Scottish    Divines    (Melville;    Knox)     St.    Giles 
Lectures— 3d  S.  Edinb.  1888. 

Hetheeington,    W.— History    of    the    Church    of    Scotland— 
Edinb.  1852. 

Chambers,  Robt. — Biographical  Dictionary  of  Eminent  Scotch- 
men, 1S17. 

Edgar,  Andbew— Old   Church    Life    in   Scotland— 2d    Series— 
1885-6. 


20 


Lyon,  C.  J.— History  of  St.  Andrews— Edinb.  1843. 

Cook,   Geo. — History  of  the  Reformation  in   Scotland — Edinb. 
1811.    • 

Robertson,  W. — History  of   Scotland. 

Tytler,  p.  F.— History  of  Scotland,  1866. 

Stephen,    w  . — History    of    the  Churcli    of   Scotland — 2    vols., 
1894. 

Article  Tresbyterianism,'  Encyc.  Britanica    (Superintendents). 

Steward — History   of  Scotland. 

Grub,    Geo. — Ecclesiastical    Histoiy   of   Scotland — Edinb.    1861. 


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